Council of Chalcedon / Slavery-line of Christianity grasps dominance / debate about the single or dual nature of Christ / Creation of dual Western World / relevance of Chalcedon in the 21st century

'God designed Nature' line grasps dominance over 'God = Nature' line
Council of Chalcedon design an active 'god' (mind body split)

In fact Christianity has 2 forgotten schisms.
A very deep schism was that between Judeans and the Samaritans.
The Samaritans thoroughly airbrushed the Judean Jews from Church history, a process that already started with King Herod systematically killing Judean leaders.
In 451AC an East-West schism started that culminated in the Great Schism in 1054 were the churches of Alexandria (gnostics) and Damascus were kicked out of Europe

in the 21st century 6 out of 9 justices is catholic

in the 21st century 6 out of 9 justices is catholic

To save slavery ancient Rome in 451 AC made the political choice to see 'Christ' as a non-political being ('a mind [god] in the human body of Jesus' = Nicomachean Ethics). You might say that at Chalcedon catholicism (the worship of 'spirits') was formally made to only accepted variant of Christianity, seeing Jesus as both god and man. Not only as a human prophet within god =nature. Nature is seen as god's design and not only as nature = god (aristotle). Implicitly stating that there is more than physical realty (called 'spirituality). Treating the concept 'mind' (soul, spirit, ...) as our immaterial link to 'THE design behind reality'..
This opposed to the common sense of the Oriental Churches to see God as divine (god = nature) but his prophets as fully human. Jesus was born oriental and oriental people remembered him as an emotional peaceful human freedom fighter sentenced to death by political Romans and pro-Hellenistic pharisees.
20th Century US repeated this tric by hastily making the influential freedom fighter Che Guevarra into innocent dead Cult Hero.

Western Rome seemed eager to break the power of Middle East Egypt and Syria. Egypt was the center of gnosticism. Alexandria in Egypt was the leading academic centre of the ancient world. Alexandria was of far more importance in the world of education than Rome or Antioch.
Compared to The Eastern World with a history of great empires the Western World (Western Empire) was only a bunch of always quarreling not really civilized regions. The church of Rome was only leading the Eastern Churches because the Roman Emperor (Eastern Empire) had decided so. Rome wanted the same more power in The East as in The West.
The gnostics had influence throughout North Africa and were very influential in the early history of Christianity. The Christians in this area were known as Coptic Christians, named after the main language of the area. Egyptian Coptic christians rejected the decision of the Council of Chalcedon that the prophet Jesus had a dual nature, both human and divine. Instead they saw god as divine, and his prophet Jesus as extremely talented but fully human. Roman Christianity was very much influenced by the teachings of the Apostle Paul. The Roman faction became prominent in the fourth century C.E. when the Roman Empire officially became Christian. The Roman faction produced The New Testament as 'inspired by God'. Creating the New Testament was done by the Roman to reject gnostic views as heresy.

Essence of gnosticism: 'Every human can be a Jesus'. In spite of the repression of the Gnostic Christians by Roman Christians, gnostic Christianity continued to flourish throughout North Africa until the arrival of the Islam variant of Christianity in the seventh century C.E.

Council of Chalcedon

The Council of Chalcedon is considered by the Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, the Old Catholics, and various other Western Christian groups to have been the Fourth Ecumenical Council . It was held from 8 October to 1 November 451 at Chalcedon at the Bosphorus. The Council of Chalcedon was initiated at Pope Leo I's urging by Anatolius, to set aside the 449 Second Council of Ephesus. There were between 500 and 600 bishops there, only two of them from the west but both papal legates, and representing the position of the emperor Leo I and backed by his threatening huge influence. You could say these two set the outcome of the council (in favor of Rome). Unofficially the eastern Church insisted in believing in one divine nature, and not in two natures. Chalcedon invalidated the Second Council of Ephesus (449 AD) of Emperor Theodosius II as Robber Synod. The Council of Chalcedon condemned the idea of 'Jesus' as only human (gnosticism), and stated that 'Christ' is a god in human body (introducing non-sense = metaphysics). So the debate about the single or dual nature of Christ was abruptly and definitely ended in Chalcedon. At least that was what was hoped for. Instead it produced a definitive schism between the abstract message of The Church of Rome (god is divine AND human, and so are his prophets), and the common sense message of the churches of Damascus and Alexandria (god is divine, but his prophets are fully human).

The Chalcedonian Creed describes the "full humanity AND full divinity" (fully physical + fully metaphysical) of 'Christ'. The fact that the western Romans (political action) had crucified the oriental physical human Jesus is no polical issue anymore, the immaterial=metaphysical Roman god 'God' had conveniently revived the material oriental body.

An English translation of the Creed of Chalcedon
We, then, following the holy Fathers, all with one consent, teach men to confess one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, the same perfect in Godhead and also perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man, of a reasonable soul and body; consubstantial with us according to the manhood; in all things like unto us, without sin; begotten before all ages of the Father according to the Godhead, and in these latter days, for us and for our salvation, born of the virgin Mary, the mother of God, according to the manhood; one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only-begotten, to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably; the distinction of natures being by no means taken away by the union, but rather the property of each nature being preserved, and concurring in one Person and one Subsistence, not parted or divided into two persons, but one and the same Son, and only begotten, God the Word, the Lord Jesus Christ, as the prophets from the beginning have declared concerning him, and the Lord Jesus Christ himself taught us, and the Creed of the holy Fathers has handed down to us.

Notice the 'metaphysical' lightbulbs of 'Holy Spirit' around the physical heads, that is their godly essence.

Islam and Council of Chalcedon

Islam originally was a variant of Syrian Catholicism. A dangerously agressive variant of Catholicism, not following the Council of Chalcedon
Seeing Allah as the one true creator (pure god), but accepting slavery (of especially non-muslims) as part of creation
Mohammed was the example how a prophet of Allah coould be a perfect slave trader and slave owner.
Mohammed sold slaves he had captured to finance jihad.
Islam was more tolerated by Rome than Gnosticism, until this Muslim Catholicism (Islam) became a threat to Roman Catholicism and conquered Jerusalem in 638 A.D.

Fact is the Islam variant of Christianity could spread that fast because the rest of Christianity was utterly divided, and always fighting in bloody conflicts. Islam could conquer Egypt easily because the Coptic Church at first mistakenly saw Islam as ally. But another fact is that the Coptic Church was relatively tolerated by Islam, where for instance Zoroastrianism was brutally attacked. And also the Roman Catholic Church.

The Roman Catholic Church wanted world dominance, but ended up with 2 serious competitors. Islam and Protestantism, both variants of Catholicism.

Islam and Protestantism had no problem with slavery, just like Catholicism.
So in the end the world got divided by 3 pro slavery religions, and anti slavery views of life like Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Taoism, got a very hard time.

The present name of Chalcedon is Kadikoy, part of Istanbul

Forgotten Paradigm Shift

Nevertheless the direct result of 'Chalcedon' was making a seperate Paradigm for the Western Roman Catholic Church. The oriental churches saw (until today) accepting Jesus as dual natured being as unnatural.
The Western World saw the Dominator View of Alexander the Great as wise, and based dualism on the Nicomachean Ethics of Alexander's tutor Aristotle.
The Oriental World remembered Alexander the Cursed as a mad maniac, and kept relying on common sense (although worshipping gods). Two Paradigms.

The non-Chalcedonian Jesus followers of Egypt eventually formed what is known today as the Coptic Orthodox Church, currently with over nine million members in Egypt alone, and many more all over the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia. The current Pope of the Coptic Church, Shenouda III, is the 117th successor to Saint Mark, showing the endurance of the Coptic Church through hardship and persecution, even many times at the hands of Chalcedonian Christians.

After WWII the protestant American politicians saw the Egyptian Coptics as greater threat than the Muslims. This paranoia was brilliantly exploited by 'Nasser'.
Nevertheless the Muslim World was treated as 2nd rate World, and the more and more desperate freedom fighter Osama bin Laden pointed at the divide between religion (ethics = emotion) and politics (logic) with his quote: After WWII, the Americans became more aggressive and oppressive, especially in the Muslim world. [..] America does not have a religion that will prevent it from destroying all people.

most pictures on the websites of Henk Tuten